Abstract Background Emerging evidence from China suggests that coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for infected men than women with a 2.8% fatality rate being …

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the epigenetic mechanism that ensures X-linked dosage
compensation between cells of females (XX karyotype) and males (XY). XCI is essential for …

Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond
sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been …

There is growing recognition of the problem of male bias in neuroscience research,
including in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where fewer women than men are …

The presence, magnitude, and significance of sex differences in the human brain are hotly
debated topics in the scientific community and popular media. This debate is largely fueled …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls
hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

The X chromosome and X-linked variants have largely been ignored in genome-wide and
candidate association studies of infectious diseases due to the complexity of statistical …

Abstract The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) in late 2019 has been associated with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. It has been …

Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …