Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) has evolved as a safe, effective, and efficient alternative for
minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). The innovation of full-endoscopic systems makes …

Background: Endoscopic spine surgery represents a significant advancement in the
minimally invasive treatment of spinal disorders, promising reduced surgical invasiveness …

Objective Large language models like chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT)
have found success in various sectors, but their application in the medical field remains …

The purpose of this paper is to review the data supporting current endoscopic surgical
techniques for the spine and the potential challenges and future of the field. The origins of …

Objective Spine surgery rates are increasing in the elderly population due to social aging,
and it is known that prognoses related to surgery are worse for the elderly compared to …

In recent years, full-endoscopic discectomy (FED) has expanded its range of indications with
the development of devices and various techniques. The advantage of FED over …

Objective A preliminary report from a single institution, noninferiority, prospective
randomized controlled trial is conducted to determine the effectiveness of interlaminar …

Spine surgery has witnessed significant advancements in endoscopic techniques over the
past several decades. Compared to open approaches, endoscopic spine surgery allows for …

Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) presents a challenging learning
curve, and the correlation between surgeon experience and clinical outcomes remains …

Since the early days of surgical practice, surgeons have strived to achieve surgical goals
while minimizing approach-related damage to adjacent tissues. The adaptation of …