Interactive communication occurs when two or more individuals reciprocally exchange
signals. It is widespread and common in humans, non-human animals, and even machines …

When animals compete over resources such as breeding territories, they often use signals to
communicate their aggressive intentions. By studying which signals are associated with …

Songbirds are known to use several different ways to signal aggression, and even closely-
related species can differ in this respect. It is not clear why the variability exists among …

Animals use agonistic signals to mitigate the cost of conflict over resources. Bird song has
long been thought to function as an agonistic signal in songbirds. Many songbird species …