This introduction to the special issue on Multinationals in the Middle East first reviews the
historical growth and development of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the territory …

This paper reviews and critiques the standardization debate in international advertising
strategy. First, the paper identifies the standardization, adaptation and compromise schools …

Islam is the religion of a vast and growing number of consumers around the world. There is
evidence to suggest that religious beliefs can impact consumer behavior and response to …

Purpose This paper addresses the clustering of several Arab states on Hofstede's national
culture dimensions and its implications for international firms targeting the Middle East and …

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons for the lack of research
attention paid to the Middle East (ME) and Africa regions. In particular, this study seeks to …

Islam is one of the major monotheistic religions in the world. Its importance is growing as the
number of Muslim adherents is increasing, currently around 1.57 billion worldwide. The …

This study reports the results of a survey of executives of subsidiaries of Japanese and US
firms operating in the European Union (EU). The fundamental issues addressed are the …

This paper examines the effect of home country characteristics on the internationalization of
emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). Drawing on the institution-based view …

This paper is a response to calls for more research into the regional–as opposed to global–
level of international business operations (Rugman and Verbeke, 2004). Focusing on a key …

Purpose–This paper's objectives are firstly to systematically analyse patterns of research in
international advertising standardisation (IAS) conducted among managers and secondly to …