Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity
and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the …

There are currently around 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical
trials throughout the world. The various candidates employ a range of vaccine strategies …

In a recent study of our group with the acronym ACTIVATE, Bacillus Calmete-Guérin (BCG)
vaccination reduced the occurrence of new infections compared to placebo vaccination in …

In addition to its role as a TB vaccine, BCG has been shown to elicit heterologous protection
against many other pathogens including viruses through a process termed trained immunity …

Effectively treating infectious diseases often requires a multi-step approach to target different
components involved in disease pathogenesis. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic has …

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic increases healthcare worker (HCW) absenteeism. The
bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine may provide non-specific protection against …

Ecological studies have suggested fewer COVID-19 morbidities and mortalities in Bacillus
Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated countries than BCG-non-vaccinated countries …

ABSTRACT Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been hypothesized to reduce
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severity, and/or …

The world is facing the rising emergency of SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak of COVID-19 has
caused a global public health and economic crisis. Recent epidemiological studies have …

Trained immunity is defined as the de facto memory characteristics induced in innate
immune cells after exposure to microbial stimuli after infections or certain types of vaccines …