Understanding how individual neurons integrate the thousands of synaptic inputs they
receive is critical to understanding how the brain works. Modeling studies in silico and …

Retinal bipolar cells are the first'projection neurons' of the vertebrate visual system—all of
the information needed for vision is relayed by this intraretinal connection. Each of the at …

The brain is complex and dynamic. The spatial scales of interest to the neurobiologist range
from individual synapses (∼ 1 μm) to neural circuits (centimeters); the timescales range from …

Visual information is processed in the retina to a remarkable degree before it is transmitted
to higher visual centres. Several types of retinal ganglion cells (the output neurons of the …

The conventional view of dendritic function is that dendrites collect synaptic input and deliver
it to the soma. This view has been challenged in recent years by new results demonstrating …

The mammalian retina is an important model system for studying neural circuitry: Its role in
sensation is clear, its cell types are relatively well defined, and its responses to natural …

Half a century since their discovery by Llinás and colleagues, dendritic spikes have been
observed in various neurons in different brain regions, from the neocortex and cerebellum to …

Motion vision provides essential cues for navigation and course control as well as for mate,
prey, or predator detection. Consequently, neurons responding to visual motion in a …

Images projected onto the retina of an animal eye are rarely still. Instead, they usually
contain motion signals originating either from moving objects or from retinal slip caused by …

The retina extracts visual features for transmission to the brain. Different types of bipolar cell
split the photoreceptor input into parallel channels and provide the excitatory drive for …