The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many
neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic …

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis) is required for stress adaptation.
Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ …

Cortisol, a critical glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a pivotal
role in various physiological processes. Its release is finely orchestrated by the …

A limbic brain area, the amygdala plays a key role in emotional responses and affective
states and disorders such as learned fear, anxiety, and depression. The amygdala has also …

The survival and well-being of all species requires appropriate physiological responses to
environmental and homeostatic challenges. The re-establishment and maintenance of …

Neuropeptides play important modulatory roles throughout the nervous system, functioning
as direct effectors or as interacting partners with other neuropeptide and neurotransmitter …

The importance of the modulation of pain by emotion is now widely recognised. In particular,
stress and anxiety, depending on their nature, duration and intensity, can exert potent, but …

The amygdala is a limbic brain region that plays a key role in emotional processing,
neuropsychiatric disorders, and the emotional‐affective dimension of pain. Preclinical and …

The hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis is responsible for initiation of
glucocorticoid stress responses in all vertebrate animals. Activation of the axis is regulated …

Background Besides chronic stress, chronic pain is a prevalent determinant for depression.
Changes induced in specific brain regions by sustained pain may alter the processing of …