2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Observational data from two field campaigns in the Amazon forest were used to study the
vertical structure of turbulence above the forest. The analysis was performed using the …

Turbulent dissipation rate (ɛ) is a crucial parameter in turbulence theory, and an essential
component of higher‐order planetary boundary layer schemes for numerical weather …

This study investigates the influence of suspended kelp farms on ocean mixed layer
hydrodynamics in the presence of currents and waves. We use the large eddy simulation …

The K-profile parameterization (KPP) is a common method to model turbulent fluxes in
regional and global oceanic models. Many versions of KPP exist in the oceanic sciences …

Turbulence parameterizations for convective boundary layer in coarse‐scale atmospheric
models usually consider a combination of the eddy‐diffusive transport and a non‐local …

Accurately representing vertical turbulent fluxes in the planetary boundary layer is vital for
moisture and energy transport. Nonetheless, the parameterization of the boundary layer …

Turbulence in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) directly controls transport and
dispersion of passive materials near the ocean surface. Many such materials directly affect …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature produced after the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5) dealing with past, current and future …