Diseases diagnosed in adulthood may have antecedents throughout (including prenatal)
life. Gaining a better understanding of how exposures at different stages in the lifecourse …

Large-scale mapping studies have identified 236 independent genetic variants associated
with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis. However, none of these variants are found …

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a broad range of disorders which are characterized by long-
term inflammation and tissue damage arising from an immune response against one's own …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful approach for assessing the causal effect of
putative risk factors on an outcome, using genetic variants as instrumental variables. The …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with both genetic variants and environmental
factors involved in disease susceptibility. The main environmental risk factors associated …

Puberty is a dynamic period marked by changing levels of sex hormones, the development
of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity. This period has profound …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a robust inflammatory
response against myelin sheath antigens, which causes astrocyte and microglial activation …

Abstract Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) represents the most common inflammatory
neurological disease causing disability in early adulthood. Childhood and adolescence …

Background Diseases diagnosed in adulthood may have antecedents throughout–including
prenatal–life. Gaining a better understanding of how exposures at different stages in the …

The initiation of puberty is a crucial timepoint of development, with its disruptions being
associated with multiple physical and psychological complications. Idiopathic Central …