Accurate estimates of virus mutation rates are important to understand the evolution of the
viruses and to combat them. However, methods of estimation are varied and often complex …

This review examines the enormous progress that has been made in the past decade in
understanding the origin of HIV, HIV genetic variability, and the impact of global HIV diversity …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen capable of persisting in
individual hosts for decades. We sequenced the genomes of 21 strains representative of the …

The sequence of microbial genomes made all potential antigens of each pathogen available
for vaccine development. This increased by orders of magnitude potential vaccine targets in …

Many organisms that cause infectious diseases, particularly RNA viruses, mutate so rapidly
that their evolutionary and ecological behaviours are inextricably linked. Consequently …

The genetic factors associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections are likely to
involve a sophisticated array of immune response. These genetic elements may modulate …

Cellular immunity is important in determining the disease severity of COVID-19 patients.
However, current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes mediating cellular immunity is …

Successful vaccine development for infectious diseases has largely been achieved in
settings where natural immunity to the pathogen results in clearance in at least some …

Deep sequencing technologies have the potential to transform the study of highly variable
viral pathogens by providing a rapid and cost-effective approach to sensitively characterize …

Many microbial populations rapidly adapt to changing environments with multiple variants
competing for survival. To quantify such complex evolutionary dynamics in vivo, time …