In the present study, we investigate the roles of fear, refuge and hunting cooperation on the
dynamics of a predator–prey system, where the predator population is subject to harvesting …

In this article, we study the dynamics of a three species food chain model for a predator–prey
system with hunting cooperation in predators; due to fear of predation risk, prey population …

It is widely accepted that epidemics in biological populations and stochasticity in the
environments are two important components significantly influencing the real ecosystems …

In ecological systems, the fear of predation risk may assert privilege to the prey species by
restricting their exposure to potential predators, and also impose costs by constraining the …

The importance of fear, refuge and additional food is being increasingly recognized in recent
studies, but their combined effects need to be explored. In this paper, we investigate the joint …

This research article investigates the interaction between prey and a generalist predator,
considering the effect of hunting cooperation. The predator–prey interaction is modeled …

This study focuses on unraveling key factors influencing predator–prey interactions with
Crowley–Martin functional response. Specifically, it explores the roles of additional food …

In ecological systems, the predator-induced fear dampens the prey's birth rate; yet, it fails to
extinguish their population, as they endure and survive even under significant fear-induced …

In this paper, we study a predator–prey system in which the prey population is infected from
a parasite and the growth of susceptible prey is suppressed due to fear of predation. We …

Ecological “trade-off” is prioritising one trait over another. Predators put their lives at danger
to pursue dangerous prey, and their injuries can reduce their chances of survival. Prey must …