Cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumour-specific T cell responses through
active immunization, have long been envisioned as a key tool of effective cancer …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-
ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 provide deep and durable …

Recent advances in cancer therapeutics, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy,
have raised the hope for cures for many cancer types. However, there are still ongoing …

Research on tumor immunotherapy has made tremendous progress in the past decades,
with numerous studies entering the clinical evaluation. The cancer vaccine is considered a …

Anticancer vaccines train the body's own immune system to recognize and eliminate
malignant cells based on differential antigen expression. While conceptually attractive …

Until now, three types of well‐recognized cancer treatments have been developed, ie,
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; these either remove or directly attack the cancer …

Stimulating an immune response against cancer through adoptive transfer of tumor-targeting
lymphocytes has shown great promise in hematological malignancies, but clinical efficacy …

Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of objects that function as a unit within the
overall size range of 1–1,000 nanometres. The engineering of nanostructure materials …

Traditionally, vaccines have helped eradication of several infectious diseases and also
saved millions of lives in the human history. Those prophylactic vaccines have acted through …

Therapeutic vaccines represent a viable option for active immunotherapy of cancers that aim
to treat late stage disease by using a patient's own immune system. The promising results …