Aortic valve stenosis is the most prevalent heart valve disease worldwide. Although
interventional treatment options have rapidly improved in recent years, symptomatic aortic …

Aortic stenosis is a common, potentially fatal condition that is set to become an increasing
public health burden. Once symptoms develop, there is an inexorable deterioration with a …

Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This
crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for …

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is indispensable for the activation of vitamin K-
dependent proteins (VKDPs) and may be implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) …

Pathological calcification is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidities primarily in
population with chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal diseases (ERSD) and …

Many patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receive anticoagulation or antiplatelet
therapy due to atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, thromboembolic disease, or …

Vitamin K is a composite term referring to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that function as a
cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which activates a number of vitamin …

Warfarin has been utilized for decades as an effective anticoagulant in patients with a history
of strong risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Established adverse effects …

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) was once thought to be a passive, degenerative, and
quiescent development of disease. However, it has now been shown to be an active process …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with vitamin K deficiency. Some of
the serious complications of CKD are represented by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and …