The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the neuroendocrine
response to stress and in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. However, stress that is …

Neuroplasticity during the prenatal period allows neurons to regenerate anatomically and
functionally for re-programming the brain development. During this critical period of fetal …

Background Prenatal stress can cause neurobiological and behavioral defects in offspring;
environmental factors play a crucial role in regulating the development of brain and …

Both untreated and SSRI antidepressant treated maternal depression during the perinatal
period can pose both short-and long-term health risks to the offspring. Therefore, it is …

Early-life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for developing later-life mental and metabolic
disorders. However, if and to what extent ELA contributes to the comorbidity and sex …

Mental disorders including depression and anxiety are continuously rising their prevalence
across the globe. Early-life experience of individuals emerges as a main risk factor …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders that affects
males more frequently than females. Numerous genetic and environmental risk factors have …

Highlights•In mammals, specific periods of the life span can be regarded as sensitive
phases.•We focus on the prenatal, the early postnatal and the adolescent phases.•Adversity …

Maternal exposure to stress during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of
psychiatric disorders in the offspring in later life. The mechanisms through which the effects …

Fetal development is susceptible to environmental factors. One such factor is exposure to
stress during pregnancy. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic …