Stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of anxiety and depression. Animal models of these
disorders are widely used in behavioral neuroscience to explore stress-evoked brain …

Initial investigations into the mechanistic basis of aggression focused on the role of
testosterone (T) and a variety of studies on non-human animals found that elevated T levels …

Extensive data highlight the existence of major differences in individuals' susceptibility to
stress [1–4]. While genetic factors [5, 6] and exposure to early life stress [7, 8] are key …

Maladaptive aggressive behaviour is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric
disorders and is thought to result partly from the inappropriate activation of brain reward …

Estrogens control many physiological and behavioral processes, some of which are
connected to reproduction. These include sexual and other social behaviors. Here we …

Stressful events in an early postnatal period have critical implications for the individual's life
and can increase later risk for psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate …

Stressful life experiences are known to be a precipitating factor for many mental disorders.
The social defeat model induces behavioral responses in rodents (eg reduced social …

Estrogen receptor (ER) agonists rapidly affect neural plasticity within 1 h, suggesting they
play a functional role in learning and memory. However, behavioral learning experiments on …

Social recognition, processing, and retaining information about conspecific individuals is
crucial for the development of normal social relationships. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is …

Background Development of anxiety-and depression-like states under chronic social defeat
stress in mice has been shown by many experimental studies. In this article, the differentially …