Already a well-established treatment for different autonomic and movement disorders, the
use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in pain conditions is now continuously expanding …

Introduction Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare and painful condition that
has a wide range of triggering factors, often traumatic, and can present various clinical …

Intradermal injection of botulinum neurotoxin is a frequently performed procedure in
aesthetic dermatology to improve facial skin tone, texture, fine wrinkles, and enlarged pores …

Background: Migraine is a diffuse and disabling disease. Its pathophysiology is complex and
involves both central and peripheral dysfunctions. Objective: This review will discuss the …

Introduction: Complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) are rare painful conditions
characterized by considerable variability in possible triggering factors, usually traumatic, and …

Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) hampers post-stroke functional recovery and is not well
managed with conservative treatments. This systematic review aimed to examine the various …

Objectives The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review of literature
assessing botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) safety and adverse effects in the treatment of …

Introduction Application of arthrocentesis in temporomandibular joint disorders preferred
and suggested therapeutic treatment option in recent years. This study was designed to …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of neurotoxins produced by Clostridia and other
bacteria that induce botulism. BoNTs are internalized into nerve terminals at the site of …

Botulinum toxin type A (Botox®) is thought to have antipruritic effects through inhibition of
pruritic factors, including acetylcholine, substance P, and glutamate. The aim of this …