SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors produce a distinctive pattern of benefits
on the evolution and progression of cardiomyopathy and nephropathy, which is …

During starvation, fasting, or a diet containing little digestible carbohydrates, the circulating
insulin levels are decreased. This promotes lipolysis, and the breakdown of fat becomes the …

Mitochondria are organelles involved in the regulation of various important cellular
processes, ranging from ATP generation to immune activation. A healthy mitochondrial …

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the renal
proximal tubule, an insulin-independent mechanism that plays a critical role in glycemic …

Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Long term …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been regarded as a hallmark of diabetic cardiomyopathy. In
addition to their canonical metabolic actions, mitochondria influence various other aspects of …

Mitophagy preserves microvascular structure and function during myocardial
ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Empagliflozin, an anti-diabetes drug, may also protect …

Background Hyperglycaemia associated with myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis is the
main cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a fundamental challenge in septic cardiomyopathy. Mitophagy
and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt) are the predominant stress …

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible death of cardiomyocyte secondary to prolonged
lack of oxygen or fresh blood supply. Historically considered as merely cardiomyocyte …