Extensive cooperation among unrelated individuals is unique to humans, who often sacrifice
personal benefits for the common good and work together to achieve what they are unable …

Despite the accumulation of research on indirect reciprocity over the past 30 years and the
publication of over 100,000 related papers, there are still many issues to be addressed …

Economic experiments have shown that punishment can increase public goods game
contributions over time. However, the effectiveness of punishment is challenged by second …

Utilizing common resources is always a dilemma for community members. While cooperator
players restrain themselves and consider the proper state of resources, defectors demand …

Rewarding cooperation is in many ways expected behaviour from social players. However,
strategies that promote antisocial behaviour are also surprisingly common, not just in human …

People routinely cooperate with each other, even when cooperation is costly. To further
encourage such pro-social behaviors, recipients often respond by providing additional …

We study the evolution of cooperation in the spatial public goods game in the presence of
third-party rewarding and punishment. The third party executes public intervention …

Propagation is crucial for acquiring information, and learning involves deep information
processing. Imitation dynamics, commonly used in spatial public goods games, represents …

Blockchain networks and similar cryptoeconomic networks are systems, specifically complex
systems. They are adaptive networks with multiscale spatio-temporal dynamics. Individual …

Punishment and reward are fundamental in promoting cooperation within human societies.
However, as punishment incurs costs, it is crucial to determine who should bear these costs …