Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical
problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

The concept of multiple opioid receptors has changed dramatically since their initial
proposal by Martin nearly 40 years ago. Three major opioid receptor families have now …

Agonists at μ-opioid receptors (MORs) represent the gold standard for the treatment of
severe pain. A key element of opioid analgesia is the depression of nociceptive information …

Opioids have an important place in pharmacology. While their clinical use as analgesics is
fundamental in medicine, their use is constrained by their side-effects and abuse potential …

Opioids provide excellent pain relief in most patients. Yet the responses of patients to
individual opioids can vary markedly, even among the μ opioids. Understanding this …

This invited review, based on the receipt of the Third Gayle A. Olson and Richard D. Olson
Prize for the publication of the outstanding behavioral article published in the journal …

The μ opioid receptor plays an important role in mediating the actions of morphine and
morphine-like drugs. Receptor binding and a wide range of pharmacological studies have …

Mu opioid receptors play an important role in mediating the actions of a class of opioids
including morphine and heroin. Binding and pharmacological studies have proposed …

Opioid μ-and δ-receptors are present on the central terminals of primary afferents, where
they are thought to inhibit neurotransmitter release. This mechanism may mediate analgesia …