Background Pain is a rapid response mechanism that compels organisms to retreat from the
harmful stimuli and triggers a repair response. Nonetheless, when pain persists for extended …

Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including spinal cord injury and traumatic
brain injury, are challenging enemies of human health. Microglia, the main component of the …

Microglial dysfunction has been identified as a key factor in the pathology of several
traumatic and neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system. Due to the …

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause severe motor impairment. Post-SCI treatment
has focused primarily on secondary injury, with neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis …

Abstract Aim 2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA), the oxazoline derivative of N-
palmitoylethanolamine, exerts anti-inflammatory activity; however, very little is known about …

A substantial body of evidence demonstrates an association between a malfunction in the
resolution of acute inflammation and the development of chronic inflammation. Recently, in …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Survivors
may experience movement disorders, memory loss, and cognitive deficits. However, there is …

Background Ischemic stroke is the obstruction of cerebral blood flow with a high morbidity.
Microglial polarization is a contributing factor for ischemic stroke-induced injury. Here, we …

HIV-1-associated blood brain barrier (BBB) alterations and neurocognitive disorders are
frequent clinical manifestations in HIV-1 infected patients. The BBB is formed by cells of the …

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a catastrophic disease involving complex
inflammatory processes. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze and visualize the global …