Trophic cascades are textbook examples of predator indirect effects on ecological systems.
Yet there is considerable debate about their nature, strength and overall importance. This …

More than a quarter of earth's land surface is used for grazing domestic livestock. Livestock
grazing is generally assumed to negatively affect wildlife, however, a number of studies …

A major challenge in biology is to understand how phylogeny, diet, and environment shape
the mammalian gut microbiome. Yet most studies of nonhuman microbiomes have relied on …

Large mammalian herbivores occupy half of the earth's land surface and are important both
ecologically and economically, but their diversity is threatened by human activities. We …

Pleistocene extinctions affected mainly large‐bodied animals, determining the loss or
changes in numerous ecological functions. Evidence points to a central role of many extinct …

Ecologists still search for common principles that predict well-known responses of biological
diversity to different factors,,,. Such factors include the number of available niches in space …

Large mammalian herbivores manifest a strong top‐down control on ecosystems that can
transform entire landscapes, but their impacts have not been reviewed in the context of …

Herbivores not only consume resources, but they are resources for other consumers.
Consequently, they have much potential to mediate effects that cascade up and down …

While large herbivores can have strong impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, much less is
known of their role in aquatic systems. We reviewed the literature to determine: 1) which …

The utilization of polychaetes in descriptive ecology is reviewed in the light of recent
research especially concerning the biota hard bottom environments. Polychaetes, often …