The TOEFL test is one of the requirements to pass the Thesis exam at several universities in
Indonesia. Grammar and Structure Score is the lowest score, and it becomes a problem for …

This mixed-methods study collected evidence of the cognitive validity of CB and PB writing
tests and the impact on EFL university students' cognitive processes (eg, macro-planning …

The purpose of this study is to investigate the students' difficulties in conducting the TOEFL
test in the skill of structure and written expressions. Descriptive qualitative was implemented …

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused the sudden shift of the interactions
between students and teachers from the four corners of the classroom to fully online learning …

Background Variations in the skill profiles of learners have become an important research
area in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical research on this topic in Japan …

This chapter introduces the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and the multivariate analysis
of covariance (MANCOVA) as statistical techniques for comparing group means in language …

Among language skills, writing is considered the most challenging and complicated skill
compared to other skills. The main objective of this research is to analyze the improvement …

This study aimed to investigate how Grade 1–2 English language learners (ELL s) differ in
their performance on a writing test in two test modes: paper and online. Participants were …

Increased interest in the study of second language (L2) writing has resulted in an ever-
increasing rate of publication in this area of study, making it challenging for L2 writing …

To investigate whether the type of keyboard used in exams introduces any construct-
irrelevant variance to the TOEFL iBT Writing scores, we surveyed 17,040 TOEFL iBT …