Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However,
the underlying biological mechanisms of how obesity contributes to breast cancer remains …

Environmental chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) are thought to contribute to
carcinogenesis through their endocrine-disrupting properties. Due to accumulating evidence …

The rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone across menstrual cycles and during
pregnancy regulates breast development and modifies cancer risk. How these hormones …

Improved screening and treatment have decreased breast cancer mortality, although
incidence continues to rise. Women at increased risk of breast cancer can be offered risk …

Antibodies can cross-react with proteins other than their intended targets, and antibody-
based applications can, if not properly validated, lead to flawed interpretations. When …

Purpose Protein biomarkers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and
marker of proliferation (Ki67) are routinely assessed by immunohistochemistry to guide …

Tissues comprise a multiplicity of specialized cell types that must coordinate state changes
in order to function collectively. These state changes are orchestrated by coordinated direct …

The rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone across menstrual cycles and during
pregnancy controls breast development and modifies cancer risk. How these hormones …

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality among women. Many risk
factors for breast cancer are related to estrogen exposure and high serum estrogen levels …

At some point in their lifetime, 1 in 8 women in the USA will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
Genetic factors and exposure to endogenous (ie, internal) and environmental hormones can …