Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

BACKGROUND Anthropogenic climate change is altering the structure and functioning of
ecosystems globally. The upper layers of the oceans have absorbed> 90% of the excess …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Ocean temperature variability is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, and
extremes in this variability affect the health of marine ecosystems around the world. The …

Anthropogenic forcings have led to multifaceted changes in the seas around China, which
include the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China Seas, affecting the functions and …

Heatwaves are important climatic extremes in atmospheric and oceanic systems that can
have devastating and long-term impacts on ecosystems, with subsequent socioeconomic …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause devastating impacts to marine life. Despite the
serious consequences of MHWs, our understanding of their drivers is largely based on …

Rapid intensification (RI) is an essential process in the development of strong tropical
cyclones and a major challenge in prediction. RI in offshore regions is more threatening to …

Two decades of high-resolution satellite observations and climate modeling studies have
indicated strong ocean–atmosphere coupled feedback mediated by ocean mesoscale …

Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that
have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of …