BACKGROUND Human reproduction depends on an intact hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal
(HPG) axis. Hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been recognized …

GnRH and its analogs are used extensively for the treatment of hormone-dependent
diseases and assisted reproductive techniques. They also have potential as novel …

GnRH is the pivotal hypothalamic hormone regulating reproduction. Over 20 forms of the
decapeptide have been identified in which the NH2-and COOH-terminal sequences, which …

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is often associated with anosmia in a condition known as
Kallmann's syndrome. The gene for the X-linked form of Kallmann's syndrome has been …

D. Adulthood III. Historical Perspective IV. Clinical Presentation of GnRH Deficiency A.
Congenital GnRH deficiency B. Adult-onset GnRH deficiency C. Variant or partial forms of …

GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING hormone plays a central role in the biology of reproduction
(1), and synthetic GnRH analogs have proven valuable in the treatment of a wide variety of …

Heterotrimeric G proteins in vertebrates constitute a family molecular switches that transduce
the activation of a populous group of cell-surface receptors to a group of diverse effector …

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate hormone secretion from islets of Langerhans,
and recently developed therapies for type-2 diabetes target islet GLP-1 receptors. However …

Oxidative stress, generated by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) or decreased
antioxidant defenses (and possibly both), is associated with male infertility. Oxidative stress …

In human beings, two forms of GnRH, termed GnRH-I and GnRH-II, encoded by separate
genes have been identified. Although these hormones share comparable cDNA and …