Hundreds of land plant lineages have independently evolved separate sexes in either
gametophytes (dioicy) or sporophytes (dioecy), but 43% of all dioecious angiosperms are …

Bryophytes occupy a basal position in the monophyletic evolution of land plants and have a
life cycle in which the gametophyte generation dominates over the sporophyte generation …

Although hundreds of plant lineages have independently evolved dioecy (that is, separation
of the sexes), the underlying genetic basis remains largely elusive. Here we show that …

It remains a major challenge to identify the genes and mutations that lead to plant sexual
differentiation. Here, we study the structure and evolution of the sex-determining region …

Sex chromosome evolution is thought to be tightly associated with the acquisition and
maintenance of sexual dimorphisms. Plant sex chromosomes have evolved independently …

How do separate sexes originate and evolve? Plants provide many opportunities to address
this question as they have diverse mating systems and separate sexes (dioecy) that evolved …

Summary White campion (Silene latifolia, Caryophyllaceae) was the first vascular plant
where sex chromosomes were discovered. This species is a classic model for studies on …

Sex determination is a central process for sexual reproduction and is often regulated by a
sex determinant encoded on a sex chromosome. Rules that govern the evolution of sex …

Abstract Background Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a dioecious species with an XY sex
chromosome system, but its Y chromosome has not been fully characterized. Our knowledge …

Genetic degeneration is an extraordinary feature of sex chromosomes, with the loss of
functions of Y-linked genes in species with XY systems, and W-linked genes in ZW systems …