Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype
member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine …

Horses are the third major mammalian species, along with humans and swine, long known
to be subject to acute upper respiratory disease from influenza A virus infection. The viruses …

A recent outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) in India has caused 17 deaths in people living in
districts of Kerala state. Its zoonotic nature, as well as high rate of human-to-human …

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of a coronavirus plays a crucial role in virus assembly and in
its RNA transcription. It is important to characterize a virus at the nucleotide level to discover …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health concern as it continues to
spread within China and beyond. The causative agent of this disease, severe acute …

Codon usage bias (CUB) could reflect co-evolutionary changes between viruses and hosts
in contrast to plant and animal viruses, and the systematic analysis of codon usage among …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus (arbovirus) in the family Flaviviridae, and the
symptoms caused by ZIKV infection in humans include rash, fever, arthralgia, myalgia …

The influenza virus polymerase is central to influenza virus evolution. Adaptive mutations
within the polymerase are often a prerequisite for efficient spread of novel animal-derived …

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) has threatened the global yield of Leguminosae crops, but the
mechanism of its infection, spread, and evolution remains unknown. A systemic analysis of …

Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the
advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with …