Influenza A virus (IAV) infections in hosts outside the main aquatic bird reservoirs occur
periodically. Although most such cross-species transmission events result in limited onward …

Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza‐related events; the spread of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and …

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for
yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is …

Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) of H3N8 subtype are culprits of severe acute respiratory
infections in horses, and are still responsible for significant outbreaks worldwide …

The transmission of infectious diseases of livestock does not differ in principle from disease
transmission in any other animals, apart from that the aim of control is ultimately economic …

Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing
substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover
infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become …

Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause persistent epidemics and occasional human pandemics,
leading to considerable economic losses. The ecology and epidemiology of IAV are very …

Horses are the third major mammalian species, along with humans and swine, long known
to be subject to acute upper respiratory disease from influenza A virus infection. The viruses …

Influenza viruses have affected the world for over a century, causing multiple pandemics.
Throughout the years, many prophylactic vaccines have been developed for influenza; …