The development of vaccines, which prime the immune system to respond to future
infections, has led to global declines in morbidity and mortality from dreadful infectious …

Coated microneedles have attracted enormous interest in scientific circles especially for the
delivery of vaccines. But there are challenges to be overcome especially with regards to …

Background: The diphtheria toxoid antigen is a major component in pediatric and booster
combination vaccines and is known to raise a protective humoral immune response upon …

Tetanus is an acute, fatal disease caused by exotoxins released from Clostridium tetani
during infections. A protective humoral immune response can be induced by vaccinations …

Routine immunization against diphtheria and tetanus has drastically reduced the incidence
of these diseases worldwide. Anti-diphtheria/tetanus vaccine has in general aluminum salt …

Diphtheria toxoid is produced by detoxification of diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. This
study was performed to elucidate the chemical nature and location of formaldehyde-induced …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are classified at a highest degree of threat in biodefense,
due largely to their high lethality. With the growing risk of biowarfare, the shortcomings of the …

Multivalent tetanus and diphtheria toxoid containing vaccines belong to the most frequently
applied vaccines. However, there is an imbalance in the degree of protection against the two …

Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is a protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, which
causes hyperreflexia and rhabdomyolysis by spastic paralysis. Like botulinum neurotoxin …

Tetanus toxin (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are neuroprotein toxins, with the
latter being the most toxic known protein. They are structurally similar and contain three …