ABSTRACT In May 2021, Lesotho reported its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) to the OIE. Samples were collected from infected poultry and the virus was …

Influenza A viruses have frequently crossed species barriers and continually pose a threat to
the health of birds, mammals, and humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) …

Parallel molecular evolution and adaptation are important phenomena commonly observed
in viruses. Here, we exploit parallel molecular evolution to understand virulence evolution in …

The influenza A virus (IAV) has been a major cause of several pandemics, underscoring the
importance of elucidating its transmission dynamics. This review investigates potential …

The PB2 gene is one of the key determinants for the mammalian adaptation of avian
influenza A viruses (IAVs). Although mammalian pathogenicity-related mutations (MPMs) in …

An increasing number of new subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are reported to be
infecting humans, including H3N2, H5N1, H7N9, H10N8, and the recently emerged H3N8 …

Abstract The clade 2· 3· 4· 4 H5Nx is a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, which
first appeared in China and has spread worldwide since then, including Korea. It is divided …

H9N2 avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) cause economic losses in the poultry industry and
provide internal genomic segments for the evolution of H5N1 and H7N9 AIVs into more …

The ongoing H5N1 outbreak in the Americas caused by clade 2.3. 4.4 is causing
unprecedented impact in poultry and wild birds. In November 2022, a highly pathogenic …

Abstract Background Influenza A virus (IAV) poses threats to human health and life. Many
individual studies have been carried out in mice to uncover the viral factors responsible for …