We review the tremendous advances in ultrafast X-ray science, over the past 15 years,
making the best use of new ultrashort X-ray sources including table-top or large-scale …

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are potentially revolutionary X-ray sources because of
their very short pulse duration, extreme peak brilliance and high spatial coherence, features …

The making and breaking of atomic bonds are essential processes in chemical reactions.
Although the ultrafast dynamics of bond breaking have been studied intensively using time …

We describe a method to measure ultrafast protein structural changes using time-resolved
wide-angle X-ray scattering at an X-ray free-electron laser. We demonstrated this approach …

Background Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is the simplest known light driven proton pump and has
been heavily studied using structural methods: eighty four X-ray diffraction, six electron …

The Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV) superfamily, found in enzymes and signal
transduction proteins, plays a crucial role in converting light signals into structural signals …

Proteins guide the flows of information, energy, and matter that make life possible by
accelerating transport and chemical reactions, by allosterically modulating these reactions …

Ultrafast motion of molecules, particularly the coherent motion, has been intensively
investigated as a key factor guiding the reaction pathways. Recently, X-ray free-electron …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide femtosecond X-ray pulses suitable for pump–
probe time-resolved studies with a femtosecond time resolution. Since the advent of the first …

One of the most challenging tasks in biological science is to understand how a protein folds.
In theoretical studies, the hypothesis adopting a funnel-like free-energy landscape has been …