In contemporary society, the proliferation of online hateful messages has emerged as a
pressing concern, inflicting deleterious consequences on both societal fabric and individual …

Internet memes, channels for humor, social commentary, and cultural expression, are
increasingly used to spread toxic messages. Studies on the computational analyses of toxic …

Memes are a socially interactive way to communicate online. Memes are used by users to
communicate with one another on social networking sites and other forums. Memes …

The rise of multimodal hate speech, which combines text and visual elements, poses
significant challenges for online content moderation. Traditional detection models often …

Due to the widespread usage of social media platforms, memes and other hateful contents
have become a major concern as they propagate harmful stereotypes, and often inciting …