Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to the family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
They are highly conserved receptors that recognize conserved pathogen‐associated …

Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling
molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol …

Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) include endogenous intracellular
molecules released by activated or necrotic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified in humans and mice as a
population of immature myeloid cells with the ability to suppress T cell activation. They …

When a cell dies in vivo, the event does not go unnoticed. The host has evolved
mechanisms to detect the death of cells and rapidly investigate the nature of their demise. If …

Introduction• TLR signalling• Endogenous TLR ligands• Biological significance of signalling
triggered by endogenous TLR ligands‐Ischemia and reperfusion injury‐Tissue repair and …

When cells die in vivo, they trigger an inflammatory response. The ensuing hyperemia, leak
of plasma proteins, and recruitment of leukocytes serve a number of useful functions in host …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known
for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs …

In response to bacterial endotoxin (eg, LPS) or endogenous proinflammatory cytokines (eg,
TNF and IL-1β), innate immune cells release HMGB1, a late cytokine mediator of lethal …

Macrophages are cells that function as a first line of defence against invading
microorganisms. One of the hallmarks of macrophages is their ability to become activated in …