Growth factors and mitogens use the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade to transmit
signals from their receptors to regulate gene expression and prevent apoptosis. Some …

Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on
chromosome 10 (PTEN) signaling pathway play an important role in multiple cellular …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common tumor worldwide and has a very
poor prognosis. Its occurrence has been on the increase in recent years. Surgical resection …

Abstract The Ras/Raf/Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade couples signals from cell surface receptors to …

Summry—The Raf/MEK/ERK signaling was the first MAP kinase cascade to be
characterized. It is probably one of the most well known signal transduction pathways …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT signaling cascades play critical roles in the
transmission of signals from growth factor receptors to regulate gene expression and …

Dendritic arborization and spine formation are critical for the functioning of neurons.
Although many proteins have been identified recently as regulators of dendritic …

Aberrant activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is found in many types of cancer and thus
plays a major role in breast cancer cell proliferation and anti-cancer drug resistance. The …

Activation of RAS proteins can lead to multiple outcomes by virtue of regulated signal traffic
through alternate effector pathways. We demonstrate that the RAS effector protein RIN1 …

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, G proteins, propagate incoming messages from
receptors to effector proteins. They switch from an inactive to active state by exchanging a …