Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating and highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease
for which only symptomatic treatment is available. In order to develop a truly effective …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a vital boundary between neural tissue and circulating
blood. The BBB's unique and protective features control brain homeostasis as well as ion …

Among the popular animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly used in research
are those that employ neurotoxins, especially 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous
system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder and has been
the focus of intense investigations to understand its etiology and progression, but it still lacks …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system. Its
functional and structural integrity is vital in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain …

Microglia, often described as the brain-resident macrophages, play crucial roles in central
nervous system development, maintenance, plasticity, and adaptation to the environment …

Movement disorders can be primarily divided into hypokinetic and hyperkinetic. Most of the
hypokinetic syndromes are associated with the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of aging-associated
ailments characterized by interrupting cellular proteostasic machinery and the misfolding of …

The spreading of misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein has been observed in animal
models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other α-synucleinopathies that mimic human PD …