Abstract The climate of South America (SA) has long held an intimate connection with El
Niño, historically describing anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures off the coastline of …

This paper shows recent progress in our understanding of climate variability and trends in
the Amazon region, and how these interact with land use change. The review includes an …

This paper reviews recent progress in the study and understanding of extreme seasonal
events in the Amazon region, focusing on drought and floods. The review includes a history …

Human well-being relies critically on ecosystem services provided by nature. Examples
include water and air quality regulation, nutrient cycling and decomposition, plant pollination …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

Precipitation over and near mountains is not caused by topography but, rather, occurs when
storms of a type that can occur anywhere (deep convection, fronts, tropical cyclones) form …

The Andes is the longest cordillera in the world and extends from northern South America to
the southern extreme of the continent (from 11° N to 53° S). The Andes runs through seven …

Como a América do Sul se estende por diferentes latitudes e possui formas de relevo
variadas, proporciona a atuação e o desenvolvimento de diferentes sistemas atmosféricos …

This paper documents the main features of the climate and climate variability over South
America, on the basis of instrumental observations gathered during the 20th Century. It …

We review the major conceptual models of atmospheric moisture transport, which describe
the link between evaporation from the ocean and precipitation over the continents. We begin …