Objective Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in
which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to …

This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by
evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in …

During evolution, individuals whose brains and bodies functioned well in a fasted state were
successful in acquiring food, enabling their survival and reproduction. With fasting and …

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

Clinical studies suggest a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin
resistance (IR) and cognitive dysfunction, but there are significant gaps in our knowledge of …

Extensive research links regular physical exercise to an overall enhancement of cognitive
function across the lifespan. Here we assess the causal evidence supporting this …

The concept of a “polypill” is receiving growing attention to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Yet similar if not overall higher benefits are achievable with regular exercise, a drug-free …

Clinical studies show that chronic pain is accompanied by memory deficits and reduction in
hippocampal volume. Experimental studies show that spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic …

The purpose of this study was to summarize the effects of physical activity and exercise on
peripheral brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy humans. Experimental and …

Executive function declines with age, but engaging in aerobic exercise may attenuate
decline. One mechanism by which aerobic exercise may preserve executive function is …