Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme oceanic warm water events. They can
have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems—for example, causing mass coral …

Interactions between multiple ecosystem stressors are expected to jeopardize biological
processes, functions and biodiversity. The scientific community has declared stressor …

Kelp forests are structurally complex habitats, which provide valuable services along 25% of
the world's coastlines. Globally, many kelp forests have disappeared and been replaced by …

Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate
and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of …

The accelerating rate of global change has focused attention on the cumulative impacts of
novel and extreme environmental changes (ie stressors), especially in marine ecosystems …

Sustained observations of marine biodiversity and ecosystems focused on specific
conservation and management problems are needed around the world to effectively mitigate …

The potential for complex synergistic or antagonistic interactions between multiple stressors
presents one of the largest uncertainties when predicting ecological change but, despite …

Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely
interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple stressors …

Human population density within 100 km of the sea is approximately three times higher than
the global average. People in this zone are concentrated in coastal cities that are hubs for …

Along urbanised coastlines, urban infrastructure is increasingly becoming the dominant
habitat. These structures are often poor surrogates for natural habitats, and a diversity of eco …