Vitamin D supplementation can prevent and cure nutritional rickets in infants and children.
Preclinical and observational data suggest that the vitamin D endocrine system has a wide …

Ever since its discovery by Windhaus, the importance of the active metabolite of vitamin D (1,
25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3; 1, 25-(OH) 2D 3) has been ever expanding. In this review, the …

Background: Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide and a growing healthcare problem. Identification of modifiable risk …

Vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D receptors are present in many cell types
including various immune cells such as antigen-presenting-cells, T cells, B cells and …

By 2020, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third cause of mortality.
Extrapulmonary comorbidities influence the prognosis of patients with COPD. Tobacco …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are
chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, respectively …

Background Vitamin D is crucial for maintenance of musculoskeletal health, and might also
have a role in extraskeletal tissues. Determinants of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Age and smoking are common risk factors for COPD and other illnesses, often …

Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous cell population that is mainly shaped by a
variety of microenvironmental stimuli. Interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and …