Among the many neuromodulators used by the mammalian brain to regulate circuit function
and plasticity, dopamine (DA) stands out as one of the most behaviorally powerful …

The basal ganglia are a chain of subcortical nuclei that facilitate action selection. Two striatal
projection systems—so-called direct and indirect pathways—form the functional backbone of …

Elevated dopamine transmission in psychosis is assumed to unbalance striatal output
through D1-and D2-receptor-expressing spiny-projection neurons (SPNs). Antipsychotic …

We all have a sense of time. Yet, there are no sensory receptors specifically dedicated for
perceiving time. It is an almost uniquely intangible sensation: we cannot see time in the way …

The dorsal striatum, which consists of the caudate and putamen, is the gateway to the basal
ganglia. It receives convergent excitatory afferents from cortex and thalamus and forms the …

The canonical view of striatal GABAergic interneurons has evolved over several decades of
neuroanatomical/neurochemical and electrophysiological studies. From the anatomical …

The striatum represents the main input into the basal ganglia. Neurons projecting from the
striatum receive a large convergence of afferents from all areas of the cortex and transmit …

The basal ganglia occupy the core of the forebrain and consist of evolutionarily conserved
motor nuclei that form recurrent circuits critical for motivation and motor planning. The …

The striatum plays a central role in motor control and motor learning. Appropriate responses
to environmental stimuli, including pursuit of reward or avoidance of aversive experience all …

Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological
gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is …