Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), performing
complex functions in health and disease. It is now clear that multiple astrocyte subsets or …

Bacteria in the genus Brucella are important human and veterinary pathogens. The abortion
and infertility they cause in food animals produce economic hardships in areas where the …

Astrocytes regulate neuroinflammatory responses after stroke and in other neurological
diseases. Although not all astrocytic responses reduce inflammation, their predominant …

Bacteria of the genus Brucella are Gram-negative pathogens of several animal species that
cause a zoonotic disease in humans known as brucellosis or Malta fever. Within their hosts …

Innate immune response against Brucella abortus involves activation of Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Among the NLRs involved in the recognition of B …

Fatigue is a symptom associated with many disorders, is especially common in women and
in older adults, and can have a huge negative influence on quality of life. Although most past …

Microglia are the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent
findings point out that in the steady state the major role of microglia, is to instruct and …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by some Gram-negative bacteria have been
shown to exert immunomodulatory effects that favor the establishment of the infection. The …

The innate immune system is essential for the detection and elimination of bacterial
pathogens. Upon inflammasome activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to …

Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called pneumococcus) is not only a commensal that
frequently colonizes the human upper respiratory tract but also a pathogen that causes …