1.1. Discovery of the Phospholipase A2 Superfamily Phospholipases represent one of the
earliest enzyme activities to be identified and studied, and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) …

Maintaining proper energy balance in mammals entails intimate crosstalk between various
tissues and organs. These inter-organ communications are mediated, to a great extent, by …

Skeletal muscle plays important roles in whole-body glucose and fatty acid metabolism.
However, muscle also secretes cytokines and growth factors (collectively termed myokines) …

Functional molecular characterization of the cochlea has mainly been driven by the
deciphering of the genetic architecture of sensorineural deafness. As a result, the search for …

Otoliths are bioinorganic minerals within the inner ear of all bony fishes. They grow
incrementally, laying down alternating protein-rich and mineral-rich bands daily …

Background: Otoconia are bio‐crystals that couple mechanic forces to the sensory hair cells
in the utricle and saccule, a process essential for us to sense linear acceleration and gravity …

The auditory function of the mammalian cochlea relies on two types of mechanosensory hair
cells and various non-sensory supporting cells. Recent studies identified the transcription …

In mammals, hearing loss is irreversible due to the lack of regenerative potential of non-
sensory cochlear cells. Neonatal cochlear cells, however, can grow into organoids that …

BACKGROUND: In vertebrates, serum transferrins are essential iron transporters that have
bind and release Fe (III) in response to receptor binding and changes in pH. Some family …

Objective/Hypothesis Idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a strong
indicator of decreased bone density (osteopenia/osteoporosis) in postmenopausal women …