Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

The gabapentinoid drugs gabapentin and pregabalin are key front‐line therapies for various
neuropathies of peripheral and central origin. Originally designed as analogs of GABA, the …

Visceral pain: the ins and outs, the ups and downs : Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative
Care Visceral pain: the ins and outs, the ups and downs : Current Opinion in Supportive and …

Descending controls, comprising pathways that originate in midbrain and brainstem regions
and project onto the spinal cord, have long been recognised as key links in the multiple …

Pain is often perceived an unpleasant experience that includes sensory and
emotional/motivational responses. Accordingly, pain serves as a powerful teaching signal …

Squalene is a natural dehydrotriterpenic hydrocarbon (C30H50) with six double bonds, an
intermediate for the biosynthesis of phytosterol/cholesterol in plants/animals and humans …

Visceral pain describes pain emanating from the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal organs. In
contrast to somatic pain, visceral pain is generally vague, poorly localized, and …

Inflammatory pain is the most common type of pain that is treated clinically. The use of
currently available treatments (classic analgesics-NSAIDs, paracetamol and opioids) is …

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a key structure involved in the supraspinal
modulation of pain. Previous studies have reported the association of gut inflammation …

It is currently accepted that the neural transduction pathways of gastrointestinal (GI) visceral
pain include the peripheral and central pathways. Existing research on the neurological …