In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited a major step change in its …

The adaptive immune response is a major determinant of the clinical outcome after SARS-
CoV-2 infection and underpins vaccine efficacy. T cell responses develop early and …

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B. 1.1. 529) has multiple spike protein
mutations, that contribute to viral escape from antibody neutralization,,–and reduce vaccine …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Omicron (B. 1.1. 529) variant of concern (VOC) has destabilized global efforts to control the …

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS‐
CoV‐2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current
COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike …

Summary The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B. 1.1. 529) contains mutations that mediate
escape from antibody responses, although the extent to which these substitutions in spike …

Most COVID-19 vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses, ideally neutralizing
antibodies (NAbs), against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Several vaccines, including …