When the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is overloaded surpassing the
capacity of the reductive rheostat, mammalian cells undergo a series of oxidative damage …

Blood vessels are critical to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs throughout
the body. The blood vessels that vascularize the central nervous system (CNS) possess …

The role of angiogenesis in the growth of organs and tumors is widely recognized. Vascular–
organ interaction is a key mechanism and a concept that enables an understanding of all …

The blood retinal barrier (BRB) is a fundamental eye component, whose function is to select
the flow of molecules from the blood to the retina and vice-versa, and its integrity allows the …

Renal anaemia is a common and important complication in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). The current standard‐of‐care treatment for renal anaemia in CKD patients …

Currently, the treatment for ocular neovascular diseases, including diabetic macular edema
(DME) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), mainly involves repeated intravitreal …

As the global aging process continues to lengthen, aging-related diseases (eg, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure) continue to plague the elderly …

Nowadays; intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs are considered
the first-line therapeutic strategy for treating macular exudative diseases; including wet age …

Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used
in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and …

Therapies targeting VEGF have proven only modestly effective for the treatment of
proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR), the leading cause of blindness in patients with …