Most species on Earth are insects and thus, understanding their evolutionary relationships is
key to understanding the evolution of life. Insect relationships are increasingly well …

With climate change creating a more volatile atmosphere, heatwaves that create thermal
stress for living systems will become stronger and more frequent. Using the flour beetle …

The currently recognized robust support for the monophyly of the Lepidoptera (and the
superorder Amphiesmenoptera comprising Lepidoptera+ Trichoptera) is outlined, and the …

The species representation of public databases is growing rapidly and permits increasingly
detailed phylogenetic inferences. We present a supermatrix based on all gene sequences of …

Fleas are one of the most interesting and fascinating taxa of ectoparasites. All species in this
relatively small order are obligatory haematophagous (blood-feeding) parasites of higher …

Arthropods were the first animals to conquer land and air. They encompass more than three
quarters of all described living species. This extraordinary evolutionary success is based on …

After decades of debate, a mostly satisfactory resolution of relationships among the 11
recognized holometabolan orders of insects has been reached based on nuclear genes …

Background Evolutionary relationships among the 11 extant orders of insects that undergo
complete metamorphosis, called Holometabola, remain either unresolved or contentious …

Neuropterida comprise the holometabolan orders Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions and
relatives), Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies) and Raphidioptera (snakeflies) as a …

Background Despite considerable progress in systematics, a comprehensive scenario of the
evolution of phenotypic characters in the mega-diverse Holometabola based on a solid …