Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour
immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator …

Immune checkpoints arise from physiological changes during tumorigenesis that
reprogramme inflammatory, immunological and metabolic processes in malignant lesions …

Immunooncology is still a growing area in cancer therapy. Drugs within this therapeutic
approach do not directly target/attack the tumor but interfere with immune checkpoints and …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor (TF) that is a
member of the Per-Arnt-Sim family of proteins. AhR regulates diverse processes, including …

Based on high quality surgery and scientific data, scientists and surgeons are committed to
protecting patients as well as healthcare staff and hereby provide this Guidance to address …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been widely investigated for regenerative
medicine applications, from treating various inflammatory diseases as a cell therapy to …

(L-) tryptophan is metabolized via the kynurenine pathway into several kynurenine
metabolites with distinct functions. Dysfunction of the kynurenine pathway can lead to …

Tumors can exploit the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) pathway to create an
immunosuppressive microenvironment. Activated IDO1 metabolizes tryptophan into …

Macrophages are versatile phagocytic cells in immune system with immunoregulatory
functions. However, the removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages is disturbed in systemic …

Macrophage polarization has been demonstrated to exert a vital role on asthma
pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the capacity to modulate macrophage …