Highlights•Relationship between FID and distance fled was positive for heavier bird
species.•No relationship between FID and starting distance was found in urban …

Humans, as super predators, can have strong effects on wildlife behaviour, including
profound modifications of diel activity patterns. Subsequent to the return of large carnivores …

Sex-specific phenotypic differences are widespread throughout the animal kingdom.
Reproductive advantages provided by trait differences come at a cost. Here, we link sex …

In behavioral studies, observer effects can be substantial, even for habituated animals, but
few studies account for potential observer-related phenomenon empirically. We used wild …

In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of
predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of …

Dispersal is a key mechanism enabling species to adjust their geographic range to rapid
global change. However, dispersal is costly and environmental modifications are likely to …

Large herbivores are particularly susceptible to changes in quantity and quality of forage
resources, in turn constraining populations of large and threatened carnivores. Key prey …

Human-induced disturbances of the environment are rapid and often unpredictable in space
and time, exposing wildlife to strong selection pressure favouring plasticity in specific traits …

Highlights•Human presence increased time spent alert and reduced foraging
behaviour.•Wildcats spent more time hunting in scenarios with high traffic and closer to …

Context Routine movements of large herbivores, often considered as ecosystem engineers,
impact key ecological processes. Functional landscape connectivity for such species …