Traditionally, testosterone and estrogen have been considered to be male and female sex
hormones, respectively. However, estradiol, the predominant form of estrogen, also plays a …

This article reviews results on diVerentiation, structure, and regulation of Leydig cells in the
testes of rodents and men. Two different populations—fetal and adult Leydig cells—can be …

Identification of novel neurohormones that regulate the reproductive axis is essential for the
progress of neuroendocrinology. The decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) …

Survival and inhibitory factors regulate steroidogenesis and determine the fate of developing
follicles. The objective of this study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor …

Until recently, any neuropeptide that directly inhibits gonadotropin secretion had not been
identified. We recently identified a novel hypothalamic dodecapeptide that directly inhibits …

Mature sperm are the product of a precisely regulated developmental sequence in which
germ cell proliferation, differentiation, self‐renewal and apoptosis are carefully controlled …

Identification of novel neurohormones that play important roles in the regulation of pituitary
function is essential for the progress of neurobiology. The decapeptide gonadotropin …

Short-term exposure (43 C for 15 min) of the rat testis to mild heat results within 6 h in stage-
and cell-specific activation of germ cell apoptosis. Initiation of apoptosis was preceded by a …

In sequential hermaphrodites, intersexuality occurs naturally, usually as a transition state
during sexual re-differentiation processes. In crustaceans, male sexual differentiation is …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the environmental pollutants affecting various tissues and organs
including testis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-apoptotic effects of curcumin …