Tumour progression is modulated by the local microenvironment. This environment is
populated by many immune cells, of which macrophages are among the most abundant …

In the past decade, substantial advances have been made in understanding the biology of
tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), and their clinical relevance is emerging. A …

Exposure of lipopolysaccharide triggers macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization
accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, characterized by elevated aerobic glycolysis …

Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture
techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority …

The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

Simple Summary Since the targeting of a single pro-angiogenic factor fails to improve
oncological disease outcome, significant efforts have been made to identify new pro …

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is among the top five causes of cancer-related death in
women, largely reflecting early, prediagnosis dissemination of malignant cells to the …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with PD-1 or PD-L1 antibodies has been approved for
the treatment of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a minority of patients …

Cancer creates a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of immune cells,
stromal cells, blood vessels, and various other cellular and extracellular elements. It is …

Annexin A1 is a 37 kDa phospholipid-binding protein that is expressed in many tissues and
cell types, including leukocytes, lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Although Annexin A1 has …